The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family protects cells from self-execution by blocking the relentless caspase death cascade. IAPs bind to and inhibit activated caspases through their BIR domains. Some IAPs such as Livin also contain a RING domain that has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes the degradation of Smac/DIABLO through ubiquitination.

Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade our systems and cause disease.

All the cellular processes in living cells such as growth, development, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation are a product of gene expression programs involving complicated transcriptional regulation of several genes. This process of transcriptional regulation is tightly controlled and coordinated by proteins called transcriptional regulators.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is a phylogenetically conserved mediator of innate immunity that is essential for microbial recognition. TLRs are evolutionarily conserved and their congeners have been found in insects, plants, and mammals.

The existing body of literature using Western blot analysis has been primarily defined with data from tumor, immortal, and primary cells growing in vitro. Collectively, results obtained over decades have been integral to the dogma that up- and down-regulation of proteins can be leveraged as Biomarkers of normal development, homeostasis, and disease.

RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of mRNA degradation that is induced by double-stranded RNA in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi has been observed in all eukaryotes, from yeast to mammals. The RNAi pathway is thought to be an ancient mechanism for protecting the host and its genome against viruses and rogue genetic elements that use double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in their life cycles.

Early development and differentiation of nascent T cells that migrate from bone marrow to become mature, naïve T cells, which are capable of responding to antigen takes place inside the thymus. Around 1010 TCR (T cell receptor) variations are generated in developing T lymphocyte clones through a random process of somatic cell gene reorganization.

The classical pathway for activation of NF-kB, a key transcriptional regulator of the immune system, is controlled by the IKK complex. Activated IKK phosphorylates IkB which is ubiquitinated and rapidly degraded, allowing NF-kB to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it activates gene transcription. However, the mechanisms regarding IKK activation have been elusive.

As one of the largest and most diverse protein families in nature, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily play important roles in a variety of biological and pathological processes such as development and proliferation, neuromodulation, angiogenesis, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and viral infection.

FOXP3 is a master regulator of immune homeostasis expressed specifically in CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells controlling their growth, development and function.